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A novel anti-inflammatory mechanism targeting post-transcriptional control of MKP-1 expression by 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol

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dc.contributor.author김, 현미-
dc.date.accessioned2018-11-08T10:22:37Z-
dc.date.available2018-11-08T10:22:37Z-
dc.date.issued2017-
dc.identifier.urihttp://repository.ajou.ac.kr/handle/201003/16406-
dc.description.abstractMAP kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 plays a pivotal role in controlling MAP kinase (MAPK)-dependent (patho)physiological processes. Although MKP-1 gene expression is tightly regulated at multiple levels, the underlying mechanistic details remain largely unknown. In this study, I demonstrate that MKP-1 expression is regulated at the post-transcriptional level by 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol [22(R)-HC] through a novel mechanism. 22(R)-HC induces Hu antigen R (HuR) phosphorylation, cytoplasmic translocation and binding to MKP-1 mRNA, resulting in stabilization of MKP-1 mRNA. The resulting increase in MKP-1 leads to suppression of JNK-mediated inflammatory responses in brain astrocytes. I further demonstrate that 22(R)-HC–induced phosphorylation of nuclear HuR is mediated by PKCα, which is activated in the cytosol by increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels mediated by the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (PLC/IP3R) pathway and translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus. In addition, pharmacological interventions reveal that metabotropic glutamate receptor5 (mGluR5) is responsible for the increases in intracellular Ca2+ that underlie these actions of 22(R)-HC. Collectively, my findings identify a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of 22(R)-HC, which acts through PKCα-mediated cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR to post-transcriptionally regulate MKP-1 expression. These findings provide an experimental basis for the development of a RNA-targeted therapeutic agent to control MAPK-dependent inflammatory responses.-
dc.description.abstractMAP kinase phosphatase(MKP-1)은 MAP kinases (MAPKs)에 의존적인 (병리) 생리학적 진행 과정을 제어하는데 있어서 중심 축을 담당한다. MKP-1 유전자의 발현이 여러 단계에서 정밀하게 조절이 되는 것으로 알려져 있을지라도, 이와 관련된 자세한 기전은 잘 밝혀져 있지 않다. 이 논문에서, 본 연구자는 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol [22(R)-HC]이 새로운 기전을 통한 전사 후 단계에서 MKP-1 발현을 조절한다는 것을 설명했다. 22(R)-HC은 Hu antigen R (HuR)을 인산화 시켜서, 세포질로 이동하게 하고, 이 세포질에서 HuR과 MKP-1 mRNA 와의 결합을 유도함으로써 MKP-1 mRNA 를 안정화 시킨다. 이러한 결과는 MKP-1 단백질의 증가를 일으켜서, 뇌 성상세포에서의 JNK에 의해 매개된 염증반응의 억제를 이끌어 낸다. 이 논문에서, 본 연구자는 22(R)-HC 이 유도한 HuR 인산화 현상이 PKCα를 거쳐서 일어난 현상임을 설명했다. 또한 22(R)-HC이 the phospholipase C / inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (PLC/IP3R) 경로를 통해 세포 내 Ca2+을 증가시키고 PKCα를 활성화시키는 데, 이렇게 활성화된 PKCα는 세포질에서 핵으로 이동한다는 것을 확인했다. 그리고, 약리학적인 저해제를 통해 metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)가 22(R)-HC 에 의한 세포 내 Ca2+ 증가의 원인임을 설명했다. 종합해서 보면, 본 연구자는 22(R)-HC이 PKCα를 통해 HuR의 세포질 이동을 유도하여 전사 후 단계에서 MKP-1 발현을 조절한다는 내용으로 22(R)-HC의 새로운 항 염증기전을 발견하였으며, 이러한 발견은 MAPK에 의존적인 염증반응을 제어하기 위하여, RNA 를 표적으로 하는 치료제 개발에 실험적인 기초를 제공한다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsABSTRACT ⅰ
TABLE OF CONTENTS ⅲ
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
ABBREVIATIONS xiii

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Inflammation 1
1. MAPK activation 1
2. MKP1 as MAPK inhibitor 3
(1) MKP1 gene 4
(2) MKP1 mRNA 5
a. mRNA stabilization 5
① HuR 6
② Tristetraprolin (TTP) 6
③ Nuclear factor90 (NF90) 7
④ Tcell intracellular antigen1 (TIA1) 7
b. mRNA elongation 7
(3) MKP1 protein 8
B. Oxysterols 8
1. Synthesis 10
(A) Enzymatic reaction 10
(B) Nonenzymatic reaction 11
2. Biological effects 11
(A) LXRdependent mechanism 11
(B) LXRindependent mechanism 13
3. Oxysterols and neurodegenerative disorder 13
C. Aims of this study 14

Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15
A. Reagents 15
B. Antibodies 15
C. Cell culture 16
D. RNA interference 16
E. Plasmids 18
F. RNA isolation 19
G. Reverse transcription and quantitative realtime PCR analysis 20
H. ELISA 21
I. Subcellular fractionation 21
J. Western blotting 22
K. Immunoprecipitation (IP) 22
L. UV crosslink ribonucleoprotein (RNP)IP 22
M. Immunostaining 23
N. In vitro PKCα kinase assay 23
O. Immune complex kinase assay 24
P. Measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ 25
Q. Cell viability assay (WST1 assay) 25
R. Statistical analysis 25

Ⅲ. RESULTS 27
A. Some nuclear receptor ligands and oxysterols exert antiinflammatory effects through MKP1 expression. 27
1. Some nuclear receptor ligands induce MKP1 expression. 27
2. 22(R)HCinduced MKP1 expression inhibits JNKmediated induction of proinflammatory genes. 31
B. 22(R)HC induces HuRdependent MKP1 expression via mGluR5mediated Ca2+/PKCα signaling. 36
1. 22(R)HC induces MKP1 expression in an LXRindependent manner. 36
2. MKP1 induction by 22(R)HC is not associated with posttranslational regulation. 42
3. HuR mediates MKP1 induction by 22(R)HC. 45
4. 22(R)HCinduced stabilization of MKP1 mRNA depends on MKP1 mRNAbounded HuR shuttling from nucleus to cytoplasm. 52
5. The LXR ligands or oxsyterols show differential abilities to induce nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HuR. 59
6. PKCα mediates HuRdependent regulation of MKP1 expression in 22(R)HCtreated cells. 62
7. 22(R)HC activates PKCα indirectly. 66
8. The nonphosphorylatable mutants of HuR inhibit 22(R)HCinduced HuR cytoplasmic translocation and MKP1 expression. 75
9. 22(R)HCinduced nuclear translocation of PKCα underlies cytoplasmic translocation of HuR and subsequent MKP1 induction. 83
10. PKCα/HuRmediated MKP1 induction by 22(R)HC is dependent on an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. 91
11. mGluR5 mediates 22(R)HCinduced increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. 98
12. MAPKmediated induction of proinflammatory genes is inhibited by 22(R)HCinduced MKP1 expression, is HuR and PKCαdependent manner. 107

Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 113

Ⅴ. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 118

REFERENCES 120
국문요약 143
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dc.language.isoen-
dc.titleA novel anti-inflammatory mechanism targeting post-transcriptional control of MKP-1 expression by 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol-
dc.title.alternative22(R)-hydroxycholesterol에 의한 MKP-1 발현 기작 규명을 통한 새로운 항염 기전 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.identifier.urlhttp://dcoll.ajou.ac.kr:9080/dcollection/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000000024144-
dc.subject.keywordMKP-1-
dc.subject.keyword22(R)-hydroxycholesterol-
dc.subject.keywordHuR-
dc.subject.keywordmGluR5-
dc.subject.keywordPKCα-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.contributor.department대학원 의생명과학과-
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor김, 현미-
dc.date.awarded2017-
dc.type.localTheses-
dc.citation.date2017-
dc.embargo.liftdate9999-12-31-
dc.embargo.terms9999-12-31-
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